Exam Questions | Chapter 12: Teams: Processes and Communication

Question 1

Teamwork processes have a ________ effect on team commitment.

Accepted Answer

strong positive

Question 2

Which of the following refer(s) to the degree to which teams are capable of remaining together as ongoing entities?

Accepted Answer

team viability

Question 3

Teamwork processes have a moderate negative effect on team performance.

Accepted Answer

False

Question 4

The phenomenon of a team delivering less than the sum of its parts can be explained by the term

Accepted Answer

process loss.

Question 5

Silas, Jerome, and Sasha are members of the marketing team at Widget Innovations, Inc. (WII), and are responsible for generating ideas for new marketing strategies. Silas has done a phenomenal job in gathering information necessary to help the team understand the desires and needs of the client. All things being equal, Sasha has the best record of making good recommendations to Alvaro, the vice president of marketing. Jerome can make some good recommendations, but sometimes his recommendations are completely off base. Usually, Alvaro pays careful attention to what Sasha has to say, but he generally does not pay much attention to what Jerome proposes. In addition to Alvaro, Sasha has been meeting with the vice president of operations and other members of the executive team to gain support for their request to increase the marketing budget. Sasha is engaging in which of the boundary-spanning processes?

Accepted Answer

ambassador activity

Question 6

Silas, Jerome, and Sasha are members of the marketing team at Widget Innovations, Inc. (WII), and are responsible for generating ideas for new marketing strategies. Silas has done a phenomenal job in gathering information necessary to help the team understand the desires and needs of the client. All things being equal, Sasha has the best record of making good recommendations to Alvaro, the vice president of marketing. Jerome can make some good recommendations, but sometimes his recommendations are completely off base. Usually, Alvaro pays careful attention to what Sasha has to say, but he generally does not pay much attention to what Jerome proposes. In addition to Alvaro, Sasha has been meeting with the vice president of operations and other members of the executive team to gain support for their request to increase the marketing budget. Alvaro's tendency to listen to Sasha and ignore Jerome reflects which factor in effective decision making?

Accepted Answer

hierarchical sensitivity

Question 7

Silas, Jerome, and Sasha are members of the marketing team at Widget Innovations, Inc. (WII), and are responsible for generating ideas for new marketing strategies. Silas has done a phenomenal job in gathering information necessary to help the team understand the desires and needs of the client. All things being equal, Sasha has the best record of making good recommendations to Alvaro, the vice president of marketing. Jerome can make some good recommendations, but sometimes his recommendations are completely off base. Usually, Alvaro pays careful attention to what Sasha has to say, but he generally does not pay much attention to what Jerome proposes. In addition to Alvaro, Sasha has been meeting with the vice president of operations and other members of the executive team to gain support for their request to increase the marketing budget. The decision-making records of Sasha and Jerome reflect which factor in effective decision making at WII?

Accepted Answer

staff validity

Question 8

Silas, Jerome, and Sasha are members of the marketing team at Widget Innovations, Inc. (WII), and are responsible for generating ideas for new marketing strategies. Silas has done a phenomenal job in gathering information necessary to help the team understand the desires and needs of the client. All things being equal, Sasha has the best record of making good recommendations to Alvaro, the vice president of marketing. Jerome can make some good recommendations, but sometimes his recommendations are completely off base. Usually, Alvaro pays careful attention to what Sasha has to say, but he generally does not pay much attention to what Jerome proposes. In addition to Alvaro, Sasha has been meeting with the vice president of operations and other members of the executive team to gain support for their request to increase the marketing budget. Silas's action would contribute to which factor in effective decision making at WII?

Accepted Answer

decision informity

Question 9

Silas, Jerome, and Sasha are members of the marketing team at Widget Innovations, Inc. (WII), and are responsible for generating ideas for new marketing strategies. Silas has done a phenomenal job in gathering information necessary to help the team understand the desires and needs of the client. All things being equal, Sasha has the best record of making good recommendations to Alvaro, the vice president of marketing. Jerome can make some good recommendations, but sometimes his recommendations are completely off base. Usually, Alvaro pays careful attention to what Sasha has to say, but he generally does not pay much attention to what Jerome proposes. In addition to Alvaro, Sasha has been meeting with the vice president of operations and other members of the executive team to gain support for their request to increase the marketing budget. According to research, the best way for Silas, Jerome, and Sasha to improve their team hierarchical sensitivity would be to implement

Accepted Answer

nominal group technique.

Question 10

Spiros is a member of the production design team on a science fiction film called The Future Begins Yesterday. It is a big budget production and is already behind schedule due to weather delays. Spiros and two other team members, Juanita and Alex, are tasked with finding futuristic background props for a scene in which the hero and his nemesis have a huge fight. Spiros, while glad to have landed his first job in the film industry, earns more money from posting videos offering behind-the-scenes glimpses of the set online. To that end, he sneaks back to the team's trailer as often as he can to post new material. This means that the set decorations the team was supposed to source are not yet complete, and the scene cannot be filmed at the scheduled time. The set design supervisor, Marsha, observes Juanita and Alex arguing with Spiros about holding up his end of the group effort. Marsha hears Spiros telling them that they are much better at finding props than he is, so they do not really need his help. Marsha sees a lot of potential in Spiros, but she is unhappy with the fact that he is not contributing as much as he should and is holding up the production as a result. Given what you know about process loss, how should Marsha address Spiros' behavior?

Accepted Answer

make Spiros responsible for sourcing wall hangings and window treatments only

Question 11

In a boundary-spanning process, the marketing team member who meets with an engineer to seek information about new materials is engaging in

Accepted Answer

scout activities.

Question 12

________ activities involve communications that are intended to smooth the performance of work with people or groups in other functional areas.

Accepted Answer

Task coordinator

Question 13

Noah, a services manager at the Feel Well Health Clinic, consults an alternative medicine specialist to see if it is feasible to incorporate certain treatments as part of the clinic's services. Noah is performing a(n) ________ activity of the boundary spanning process.

Accepted Answer

scout

Question 14

________ activities refer to things team members do to obtain information about technology, competitors, or the broader marketplace.

Accepted Answer

Scout

Question 15

Leslie, a marketing manager at the Sunshine Spa, is consulting with Tess, a dermatologist at the spa, to explore the possibility of incorporating certain treatments as part of the spa's package schemes. Leslie is engaging in a(n) ________ activity of the boundary-spanning process.

Accepted Answer

task coordinator

Question 16

Which of the following is an example of an ambassador activity?

Accepted Answer

Gypsy, a member of the sales team, approaches the VP of sales about the possibility of hiring a temp to help with menial tasks that are bogging the team down and impeding its progress.

Question 17

Matt, a training coordinator at ARC Technologies, and his team are organizing a workshop for the employees. Matt is meeting the vice president of finance to get support for an increase in the budget to accommodate a session by a well-known motivational speaker. Matt, in this case, is performing a(n) ________ activity of the boundary-spanning process.

Accepted Answer

ambassador

Question 18

While performing the boundary-spanning process, members who engage in ambassador activities typically communicate with

Accepted Answer

people who are in high positions in the organization.

Question 19

________ activities refer to communications that are intended to protect the team, persuade others to support the team, or obtain important resources for the team.

Accepted Answer

Ambassador

Question 20

Which of the following activities are boundary-spanning activities?

Accepted Answer

ambassador, task coordinator, and scout

Question 21

Rebecca and her students from the drama class have been asked to conduct a play to raise funds for the school library. To make the play a success, Rebecca consults and enlists the help of the headmaster and senior teachers, while her students meet a few theater artists. They also consult a costume designer and a dance choreographer who have agreed to help the team with the play. Such activities involving individuals and groups who are not part of the team are termed as

Accepted Answer

boundary spanning.

Question 22

________ reflects the degree to which the leader effectively weighs the recommendations of the members.

Accepted Answer

Hierarchical sensitivity

Question 23

The marketing team of A.T. International was asked to develop the marketing strategy for the European market. Members of the team were provided with all the information required to make good recommendations to the leader but failed to deliver due to their lack of insight and poor judgment. This indicates that the marketing team had low

Accepted Answer

staff validity.

Question 24

Which of the following refers to the degree to which members of the team make useful recommendations to the leader?

Accepted Answer

staff validity

Question 25

Which three specific factors have been found to account for a team's ability to make effective decisions?

Accepted Answer

decision informity, staff validity, and hierarchical sensitivity

Question 26

Britney, a manager in an advertising firm, was assigned a team and asked to come up with ideas for an advertising campaign. Britney briefed her team and outlined the purpose of the meeting clearly, after which she asked the members to individually generate ideas and bring their list to the next meeting. In the second meeting, the ideas were compiled, doubts clarified, and ideas built-on, after which the members were then asked to individually rank the ideas and submit the list to Britney, who tabulated the scores and created a list of the five highest rated ideas. Britney used ________ to generate the ideas.

Accepted Answer

nominal group technique

Question 27

Brainstorming results in production blocking because members

Accepted Answer

have to wait their turn to express their ideas.

Question 28

Five students from the KLM School have been selected to form the team that will represent the school in the National Science contest. They must come up with a creative project. These students' first meeting was face-to-face and involved each of them suggesting as many ideas as they could think of without analyzing or critiquing them at that time. The activity that the students engaged in is referred to as

Accepted Answer

brainstorming.

Question 29

________ involves a face-to-face meeting of team members in which each offers as many ideas as possible about some focal problem or issue.

Accepted Answer

Brainstorming

Question 30

When teams engage in ________, their activities are focused on generating novel and useful ideas and solutions.

Accepted Answer

creative behavior

Question 31

A psychology class has been assigned an individual case study project as well as a group project. The members of the group will receive the same grade for the group project, but they will be graded separately for their individual projects. Drew, Ben, Donna, and Julia are members of one such group. Drew and Donna worked very hard on the group project. Ben and Julia, however, did not contribute much to the group project because they felt that Drew and Donna would manage to get good grades for it. Instead, they focused their efforts on their individual projects. Ben and Julia's behavior is an example of

Accepted Answer

social loafing.

Question 32

________ is the phenomenon occurring when members of a team exert less effort when working on team tasks than they would if they worked alone on those same tasks.

Accepted Answer

Social loafing

Question 33

Mark, David, Tia, and Ashley are team members in a computer programming class. They have been assigned the task of creating a computerized payroll system involving multiple programs. Mark and Tia worked very hard and created programs that worked well. David and Ashley, however, did not work as hard as they could and created programs with numerous errors. This resulted in a payroll system that could not be implemented. The team's poor performance that was a result of David and Ashley not doing their best can be termed as

Accepted Answer

motivational loss.

Question 34

________ reflects whether members possess adequate information about their own task responsibilities.

Accepted Answer

Decision informity

Question 35

Nominal group technique decreases social loafing and production blocking-problems with brainstorming-by

Accepted Answer

making people write down ideas on their own.

Question 36

A team of highly skilled and qualified members of an organization failed to perform the team objective assigned to them. When the reason for this lack of performance was investigated, it was clear that, although the team members worked hard, they had to wait for their teammates to complete a particular task before they could start their own. Which of the following explains the reason for process loss in this case?

Accepted Answer

production blocking

Question 37

Process gain is synonymous with

Accepted Answer

synergy.

Question 38

Which of the following examples best exemplifies the concept of process gain?

Accepted Answer

Tim, Eloise, and Mia, through their combined efforts to improve efficiency as shipping and receiving clerks, achieve a higher on-time delivery rate than their co-workers.

Question 39

________ is getting more from the team than you would expect according to the capabilities of its individual members.

Accepted Answer

Process gain

Question 40

Team ________ is a term that reflects the different types of communication, activities, and interactions that occur within teams that contribute to their ultimate end goals.

Accepted Answer

process

Question 41

Daniel's team is working on a project to create an effective marketing campaign for a company that specializes in food processors. Daniel gathers all the necessary information to help his team understand the product and the desires and needs of the client. He then clearly explains the responsibilities of each member of the team. He is ensuring that his team has high

Accepted Answer

decision informity.

Question 42

Leaders do a better job considering recommendations and making final decisions when they do it together with team members.

Accepted Answer

False

Question 43

The nominal group technique involves utilizing a combination of individual and team settings to generate ideas and solutions and arrive at a good idea.

Accepted Answer

True

Question 44

Organizations no longer use brainstorming because of the problems associated with it.

Accepted Answer

False

Question 45

It is easy to keep an accurate account of the contribution of each member in a team.

Accepted Answer

False

Question 46

Lou chose the new product team very carefully, recruiting only the best performers from marketing, operations, finance, and HR. She expected this group to design and develop a stellar new product in record time. She doesn't understand why this team composed only of superstars has not lived up to her expectations. Lou's group has not demonstrated synergy.

Accepted Answer

True

Question 47

A special surveillance and rescue team is being deployed to counter the menace of pirates in the Indian Ocean. Nick, Sid, and Kevin are the core members of the team. Nick was elected as the leader of the team. Sid is responsible for monitoring the team's progress toward its goals. Kevin took on the role of motivator and confidence builder for the team. This team has worked together before and has developed a high level of common understanding regarding the team and its mission. Members also strongly believe that the team can be effective across a variety of situations and tasks. As a standard practice, before deployment, the team members observe how other members perform their roles by shadowing and going through simulations. The team's high level of common understanding refers to which of the following?

Accepted Answer

mental models

Question 48

In a project team at Kaizen International, everyone focuses on his or her specialty and what they do best. Members know exactly where they can go to get information when there are gaps in their knowledge, and this team produces synergistic results. This shows that the project team at Kaizen has an effective

Accepted Answer

transactive memory.

Question 49

Rachel, Emily, and Dravos are new product development specialists at the athletic footwear company Sole Success. All three have been part of the same team for over a year, and as a team they have had tremendous success, with three of their shoe designs among the current season's best sellers. There is a healthy sense of competition among them, but they take credit as a group for their successes rather than focus on individual achievement. A team such as this is said to have

Accepted Answer

high potency.

Question 50

________ memory refers to how specialized knowledge is distributed among members in a manner that results in an effective system of memory for the team.

Accepted Answer

Transactive

Question 51

The product design team at cell phone maker Sapling, Inc., has had a fantastic string of successes over the past four years. The first phone it released helped Sapling dominate the marketplace with its line of powerful and highly photo-capable devices. Lately, however, the team's manager, Serena, notices that the team seems content to rest on its laurels and bask in past glories. The team spends a good deal of time in meetings tracking the sales of last year's model and speculating about how big everyone's bonus will be. In the team's early days, the ergonomics specialist, Fritz, and the audio designer, Astrid, would argue over the ideal placement of the headphone jack and built-in speakers, but now they have built a strong bond and constantly agree with the other's proposals. With respect to group cohesion, which of the following approaches should Serena adopt to restore the team's capacity for innovation?

Accepted Answer

hire a consultant to attend team meetings and ask challenging questions when ideas stagnate

Question 52

Which of the following refer(s) to the level of common understanding among team members with regard to important aspects of the team and its tasks?

Accepted Answer

mental methods

Question 53

Which of the following refer(s) to the degree to which members believe that the team can be effective across a variety of situations and tasks?

Accepted Answer

potency

Question 54

A team's strong belief that it can be effective across a variety of situations reflects which of the following?

Accepted Answer

high potency

Question 55

One way to potentially prevent problems associated with too much cohesion is to formally institute the role of a(n) ________, a person who is responsible for evaluating and challenging prevailing points of view in a constructive manner and also bringing in fresh perspectives and ideas to the team.

Accepted Answer

devil's advocate

Question 56

John F. Kennedy's decision to go forward with the Bay of Pigs invasion of Cuba, NASA's decision to launch the space shuttle Challenger in unusually cold weather, and Enron's board of directors' decisions to ignore illegal accounting practices are famous examples of

Accepted Answer

groupthink.

Question 57

In highly cohesive teams, when members try to maintain harmony by striving toward consensus on issues without ever offering, seeking, or seriously considering alternative viewpoints and perspectives, this is

Accepted Answer

groupthink.

Question 58

A repair order came in to the city garage for bus number 11. Melanie, one of the newer mechanics, took the order and laughed. What? said Geoffrey, the shop manager. Melanie said, It's bus 11, yet again. Let me guess, said Geoffrey. The order says the engine is making 'weird noises.' Melanie confirmed his assumption, and Geoffrey told her to ignore the report because nothing was wrong with the bus. Then he called over another mechanic, Raphael. Geoffrey said, We got another 'weird noise' problem. Guess which bus? Without pausing, Raphael replied with a smirk, Number 11. Don't waste your time fixing it, Melanie. Nothing's wrong. Raphael then shouted out to the group of mechanics in the garage, How many of you have tried to fix number 11's weird noises, but found nothing wrong? Four other mechanics raised their hands. See? Tighten the belts, and send it on its way, Raphael said to Melanie. Later that day, Melanie gave the engine a cursory look, tightened a few belts, and sent the bus back into service. The next day, bus 11 was involved in a minor accident when its brakes failed. What should Geoffrey do to prevent this type of thing from happening again?

Accepted Answer

He should formally assign Raphael the role of picking apart any assumptions that the team might make about similar problems.

Question 59

Navy Seals go through extremely difficult training. Those who succeed become members of one of the most elite fighting units in the world. They trust each other completely and form intense emotional bonds. These teams have high levels of

Accepted Answer

cohesion.

Question 60

When members of a team develop strong emotional bonds to other members of the team and to the team itself, they have ________, which tends to foster high levels of motivation and commitment to the team.

Accepted Answer

cohesion

Question 61

________ refer(s) to specific types of feelings and thoughts that coalesce in the minds of team members as a consequence of their experience working together.

Accepted Answer

Team states

Question 62

Kat is not worried about offering contrary or radical ideas in team meetings because both the team leader and the team members are supportive of new or even seemingly strange ideas and don't laugh at or criticize each other. Kat has a strong feeling of psychological safety within her team.

Accepted Answer

True

Question 63

Team potency is higher in teams that have found success in the past.

Accepted Answer

True

Question 64

Potency has a strong positive impact on team performance.

Accepted Answer

True

Exam Questions | Chapter 12: Teams: Processes and Communication

How do team processes affect team performance and team commitment?

Teamwork processes have a ________ effect on team commitment.

Which of the following refer(s) to the degree to which teams are capable of remaining together as ongoing entities?

Teamwork processes have a moderate negative effect on team performance.

What are taskwork processes, and what are some examples of team activities that fall into this process category?

The phenomenon of a team delivering less than the sum of its parts can be explained by the term

In a boundary-spanning process, the marketing team member who meets with an engineer to seek information about new materials is engaging in

________ activities involve communications that are intended to smooth the performance of work with people or groups in other functional areas.

Noah, a services manager at the Feel Well Health Clinic, consults an alternative medicine specialist to see if it is feasible to incorporate certain treatments as part of the clinic's services. Noah is performing a(n) ________ activity of the boundary spanning process.

________ activities refer to things team members do to obtain information about technology, competitors, or the broader marketplace.

Leslie, a marketing manager at the Sunshine Spa, is consulting with Tess, a dermatologist at the spa, to explore the possibility of incorporating certain treatments as part of the spa's package schemes. Leslie is engaging in a(n) ________ activity of the boundary-spanning process.

Which of the following is an example of an ambassador activity?

While performing the boundary-spanning process, members who engage in ambassador activities typically communicate with

________ activities refer to communications that are intended to protect the team, persuade others to support the team, or obtain important resources for the team.

Which of the following activities are boundary-spanning activities?

________ reflects the degree to which the leader effectively weighs the recommendations of the members.

Which of the following refers to the degree to which members of the team make useful recommendations to the leader?

Which three specific factors have been found to account for a team's ability to make effective decisions?

Brainstorming results in production blocking because members

________ involves a face-to-face meeting of team members in which each offers as many ideas as possible about some focal problem or issue.

When teams engage in ________, their activities are focused on generating novel and useful ideas and solutions.

________ is the phenomenon occurring when members of a team exert less effort when working on team tasks than they would if they worked alone on those same tasks.

________ reflects whether members possess adequate information about their own task responsibilities.

Nominal group technique decreases social loafing and production blocking-problems with brainstorming-by

Process gain is synonymous with

Which of the following examples best exemplifies the concept of process gain?

________ is getting more from the team than you would expect according to the capabilities of its individual members.

Team ________ is a term that reflects the different types of communication, activities, and interactions that occur within teams that contribute to their ultimate end goals.

Leaders do a better job considering recommendations and making final decisions when they do it together with team members.

The nominal group technique involves utilizing a combination of individual and team settings to generate ideas and solutions and arrive at a good idea.

Organizations no longer use brainstorming because of the problems associated with it.

It is easy to keep an accurate account of the contribution of each member in a team.

What are team states, and what are some examples of the states that fall into this process category?

________ memory refers to how specialized knowledge is distributed among members in a manner that results in an effective system of memory for the team.

Which of the following refer(s) to the level of common understanding among team members with regard to important aspects of the team and its tasks?

Which of the following refer(s) to the degree to which members believe that the team can be effective across a variety of situations and tasks?

A team's strong belief that it can be effective across a variety of situations reflects which of the following?

One way to potentially prevent problems associated with too much cohesion is to formally institute the role of a(n) ________, a person who is responsible for evaluating and challenging prevailing points of view in a constructive manner and also bringing in fresh perspectives and ideas to the team.

John F. Kennedy's decision to go forward with the Bay of Pigs invasion of Cuba, NASA's decision to launch the space shuttle Challenger in unusually cold weather, and Enron's board of directors' decisions to ignore illegal accounting practices are famous examples of

In highly cohesive teams, when members try to maintain harmony by striving toward consensus on issues without ever offering, seeking, or seriously considering alternative viewpoints and perspectives, this is

Navy Seals go through extremely difficult training. Those who succeed become members of one of the most elite fighting units in the world. They trust each other completely and form intense emotional bonds. These teams have high levels of

When members of a team develop strong emotional bonds to other members of the team and to the team itself, they have ________, which tends to foster high levels of motivation and commitment to the team.

________ refer(s) to specific types of feelings and thoughts that coalesce in the minds of team members as a consequence of their experience working together.

Kat is not worried about offering contrary or radical ideas in team meetings because both the team leader and the team members are supportive of new or even seemingly strange ideas and don't laugh at or criticize each other. Kat has a strong feeling of psychological safety within her team.

Team potency is higher in teams that have found success in the past.

Potency has a strong positive impact on team performance.

According to researchers, a cohesive team is always a high performance team.

What are teamwork processes, and what are some examples of team activities that fall into this process category?

________ can be beneficial to teams if it stimulates conversations that result in the development and expression of new ideas.

Communications that reflect incompatibilities with respect to personal values or preferences reflect

Expressions that create a sense of urgency and optimism are examples of communications that reflect which of the following processes?

Motivating and confidence building, conflict management, and affect management are types of ________ processes.

The creative team of a fashion house is racing against a deadline to come up with the spring collection, and the pressure is leading to frayed tempers, which is hampering the team's progress. This is an example of poor

What synchronizes team members' activities in a way that makes them mesh effectively and seamlessly?

Systems monitoring and helping behaviors are examples of ________ processes.

________ involves keeping track of things that the team needs to accomplish its work.

Monitoring progress toward goals is a type of ________ process.

________ processes are primarily important before and between periods of taskwork, whereas ________ processes are primarily important as the task work is being accomplished.

Which of the following are teamwork processes?

________ involve systematic discussions and reviews of performance episodes.

The development of courses of action and contingency plans and then adapting those plans in light of changes that occur in the team's environment refer to

Teamwork activities that focus on preparation for future work refer to

Interpersonal activities that facilitate the accomplishment of the team's work but do not directly involve task accomplishment itself refer to

According to research, task conflict results in increased team effectiveness irrespective of the trust in the team and the manner in which the conflict is managed.

Conflict management is an action process.

Transition processes are relevant before the team actually begins to conduct the core aspects of its work; they have no role between periods of work activity.

Creative processes are interpersonal activities that facilitate the accomplishment of the team's work but do not directly involve task accomplishment itself.

Tran needs to increase his team's creativity. He calls them in to a meeting and tells them to shout out as many ideas as they can think of for a new project. No one is to analyze or criticize any ideas while this exercise is going on. Tran is using the brainstorming technique.

What factors influence the communication process in teams?

In communication, the ________ network is the most effective for teams handling complex tasks.

Which two network structures fall between the extremes in terms of the level of centralization?

Which type of network structure in communication has the lowest degree of centralization?

The highest level of information richness is achieved when messages are transmitted through

If you say that the information richness of a communication process is high, it means that the

Having a cell phone conversation at a busy construction site is difficult because of

The more communication flows through fewer members of the team, the higher the degree of

The degree of centralization is higher in a network structure where more communication flows through fewer members.

Kelly has thought a lot about how to explain why she is quitting her job. Now that she has her thoughts in order, she is writing them down in a formal letter of resignation. Kelly is engaged in the decoding part of the communication process.

Noise increases the effort that communicators need to exert to make the communication process work.

processes are primarily important before and between periods of taskwork, whereas processes are primarily important as the task work is being accomplished.