Key Exam Questions Key Topics That May Appear in the Exam: Motivating factors Self-efficacy Goal setting theory Empowerment Expectancy theory Valence Expectancy Instrumentality Learning Objectives What does it mean to be equitably treated according to equity theory, and how do employees respond to inequity? What is motivation? What is psychological empowerment, and what four beliefs determine empowerment levels? What steps can organizations take to increase employee motivation? What three beliefs help determine work effort, according to expectancy theory? What two qualities make goals strong predictors of task performance, according to goal setting theory?

How does motivation affect job performance and organizational commitment?

Equity has effect on citizenship behavior and effect on counterproductive behavior.

a strong positive; a strong negative

a moderate positive; a moderate negative

no; a moderate positive

a moderate negative; a strong negative

a strong negative; a moderate positive

Motivation has a ________ effect on job performance.

strong positive

moderate positive

weak positive

moderate negative

strong negative

Which of the following motivating forces have the strongest performance effect?

difficult goals

high levels of valence and instrumentality

perceptions of equity

high levels of expectancy

self-efficacy and competence

Jamie owns a small sporting goods store. He has decided to aggressively pursue a policy to make sure employees feel a sense of equity in his store. What result is Jamie most likely going to see as a result of his push for equity?

greater commitment from his employees

fewer citizenship behaviors from his employees

huge improvement in employee task performance

the elimination of merit-based compensation plans

a slight increase in counterproductive employee behavior

Libby is a mid-level supervisor in a university administrative office. Some of the employees feel the office lacks True equity. Libby has to do employee evaluations soon. What action should Libby take to reduce the feelings of inequity associated with her office?

give every employee exactly the same evaluation score

make employee evaluate their peers anonymously through a random drawing

give employees honest evaluation scores based on their performance, good or bad

avoid giving any really low evaluation scores to employees who have complained

avoid giving any really high evaluation scores to employees who are seen as favorites

Employees who feel a sense of equity on the job are more likely to engage in citizenship behaviors, particularly when those behaviors aid the organization.

The motivating force with the strongest performance effect is the perception of equity.

What does it mean to be equitably treated according to equity theory, and how do employees respond to inequity?

Noticing her reduced performance at work, Sabrina enrolled herself for training sessions offered by the company and saw her productivity improve. This helped restore her balance of comparison ratios. Prior to enrolling in the training session, Sabrina was most likely experiencing

overreward inequity.

self-efficacy.

cognitive distortion.

expectancy.

underreward inequity.

________ equity is the comparison with others in the same organization doing substantially different jobs.

Job

Occupational

Company

Age

Educational

For about five years, Lucy and Betty have been working for Bright Fires at the same level of management and doing similar kinds of work. Lucy has been focusing on setting specific and difficult goals for herself and believes that exerting a high level of effort will result in the successful performance in her job. On the other hand, Betty compares herself to different managers, such as Meg, who works for the competitor in a similar work position. Betty feels disheartened when she finds out that she is significantly underrewarded at Bright Fires. From Betty's view in this situation, Meg is a(n):

empowerment evaluator.

external comparison.

internal comparison.

cognitive distorter.

valence generator.

For about five years, Lucy and Betty have been working for Bright Fires at the same level of management and doing similar kinds of work. Lucy has been focusing on setting specific and difficult goals for herself and believes that exerting a high level of effort will result in the successful performance in her job. On the other hand, Betty compares herself to different managers, such as Meg, who works for the competitor in a similar work position. Betty feels disheartened when she finds out that she is significantly underrewarded at Bright Fires. From Betty's view in this situation, Lucy is a(n)

empowerment evaluator.

external comparison.

internal comparison.

valence generator.

cognitive distorter.

For about five years, Lucy and Betty have been working for Bright Fires at the same level of management and doing similar kinds of work. Lucy has been focusing on setting specific and difficult goals for herself and believes that exerting a high level of effort will result in the successful performance in her job. On the other hand, Betty compares herself to different managers, such as Meg, who works for the competitor in a similar work position. Betty feels disheartened when she finds out that she is significantly underrewarded at Bright Fires. Lucy's focus on concepts such as difficulty and specificity is a key aspect of

expectancy.

goal setting.

equity theory.

extrinsic motivation.

psychological empowerment.

When someone from another company is referred to as the comparison other, one is involved in a(n)

equity distress.

emotional cue.

cognitive distortion.

internal comparison.

external comparison.

A(n) ________ involves a comparison other in the same company.

equity distress

emotional cue

cognitive distortion

internal comparison

external comparison

In equity theory, ________ is rethinking your inputs to restore balance mentally without altering your behavior in any way.

equity distress

instrumentality

cognitive distortion

internal comparisons

external comparisons

In equity theory, ________ is the internal tension that is caused by an imbalance in the ratios.

cognitive distortion

expectancy

equity distress

goal commitment

cognitive dissonance

The ________ is the person who seems to provide an intuitive frame of reference for judging equity.

equity resolver

comparison other

cognitive distortion creator

goals monitor

outcome evaluator

Which theory suggests that employees create a mental ledger of the outcomes they get from their job duties?

expectancy

goal-setting

equity

psychological empowerment

extrinsic

Brandy has been given a great deal of opportunity to advance her career. She recently got a huge increase in authority and salary, and she was hired to do what she has always claimed was her dream job. However, Brandy is not enthusiastic about coming to work, and when she is there, she spends most of her time complaining about how Maurice got a bigger office and nicer furniture than she did. Brandy's behavior would seem to support ________ theory.

equity

extrinsic

expectancy

goal setting

psychological empowerment

Which of the following is an example of what equity theory refers to as an external comparison?

Ashley is guilty because she found out she will be beating out her best friend, Morgan, for a promotion.

Bailey is angry because she finds out that dental hygienists in other offices earn more than she does.

Emmi thinks the other two receptionists in her office get longer lunches than she does.

Syd often calls other dentists to ask where to get supplies for the best price.

Marci feels like she is probably the least skilled player in the city orchestra.

Which of the following scenarios involving Tisha, a nurse at a major metropolitan hospital, depicts a situation where her ratio of outcomes to inputs is lower than her comparison other?

Tisha meets her improvement goal and receives a gift card, just as she was promised.

Tisha finds out that she will be assigned to the same number of hours as all of the other nurses.

Gavin, a nurse who has always outperformed Tisha, does not get a raise like Tisha and most other nurses.

Tisha makes a mess which is cleaned up by Rachel, another nurse, and then Rachel gets lectured for making the mess.

Valerie, a nurse with less experience than Tisha, gets first choice of vacation days, which is supposed to be done by seniority.

Loralie feels guilty. She spends much of her day goofing around and never gets caught, but if Lillianne, who works at the next desk, replies to her or says anything, the boss seems to magically show up, and Lillianne gets reprimanded for wasting time. Which of the following would be the most productive way for Loralie to get rid of her guilt?

purposely get caught goofing off the next time the boss is near

file harassment charges against the boss on Lillianne's behalf

ignore Lillianne and pretend she does not work next to her

stop goofing off and remain as focused as Lillianne

teach Lillianne to goof off without getting caught

Extrinsic theory acknowledges that motivation depends not only on a person's beliefs and circumstances, but also on what happens to other people.

What is motivation?

Effective job performance is most often a function of

motivation and emotions.

emotions and ability.

ability and expectations.

motivation and ability.

expectations and emotions.

Bobbi invests a great deal of energy in her job. She focuses closely, finds her tasks so interesting that she loses track of time, and takes a lot of initiative. Bobbi demonstrates a high level of

expectancy.

engagement.

instrumentality.

goal acceptance.

equity appreciation.

Kwame designs and delivers public outreach programs for Hydro Sun Electric. He seems to never take a break, he always talks about work, and he often reaches the end of the day wishing he could do more and not realizing how late it has gotten. Kwame's behavior demonstrates the concept of

vicariousness.

engagement.

feedback.

valence.

equity.

Wallace just got a new batch of articles to edit. He is enthused about starting something new. He decides to put all other distractions aside and focus on this task. He gets a great deal done, but after three hours, he is ready for something else. Deciding to quit after a few hours demonstrates the effect of Wallace's motivation on his ________ of effort.

sincerity

direction

intensity

persistence

expectancy

________ is the set of energetic forces that originates both within and outside an employee; initiates work-related effort; and determines its direction, intensity, and persistence.

Organizational commitment

Job satisfaction

Job performance

Motivation

Leadership

Motivation is not one thing but rather a set of distinct forces.

Motivation determines the direction, intensity, and outcome of effort.

Jimmy can put up drywall faster than anyone else on his crew, and customers say his work is the neatest they have ever seen.

A sense of self-determination is a strong driver of extrinsic motivation.

Meaningfulness reflects energy rooted in the belief that work tasks contribute to some larger purpose.

What steps can organizations take to increase employee motivation?

In which of the following scenarios is the compensation plan element of gainsharing used?

Florida receives a set payment for each dog she grooms.

Landon gets an additional 10 percent increase in salary each year if he meets his goals.

Nigel gets an extra paycheck because his supervisors rank him as their most valuable employee.

The members of Shae's distribution unit get an extra seven percent salary if they meet their goals.

Angelina gets a free large screen television because she stayed after work hours to fix a software glitch.

Russell works in a canvas factory where workers are paid five dollars for every tent they sew together. Workers who are very fast may make twice as much money as some of the slower workers. Which of the following compensation plan elements is used at Russell's factory?

merit pay

piece-rate

gainsharing

profit sharing

lump-sum bonus

A lump-sum bonus is a bonus received by members of a unit for meeting unit goals.

Merit pay represents the most common element of organizational compensation plans.

Which of the following is a unit-focused compensation plan element?

merit pay

lump-sum bonus

gainsharing

profit sharing

piece-rate

What three beliefs help determine work effort, according to expectancy theory?

Leticia has been assigned a task for which she knows that she does not have the necessary skills or knowledge. However, she really wants the bonus she can earn by completing the task. According to expectancy theory, Leticia will be highly motivated to complete the task.

Motivation that is felt when task performance serves as its own reward is ________ motivation.

instrumental

extrinsic

intrinsic

expectant

efficacious

Motivation that is controlled by some contingency that depends on task performance is ________ motivation.

control

extrinsic

intrinsic

expectant

efficacious

Ernest has a high paying, low-stress job as a buyer at a warehouse facility. Most people are envious of Ernest, but he is not happy. Ernest would rather work in a park or forest where he could help the environment and preserve nature, because that is more important to him than his high salary. Ernest's longing to work with nature is a ________ need.

control

self-regard

relatedness

responsibility

self-actualization

To hold a high evaluation of oneself and to feel effective and respected by others are ________ needs.

control

self-actualization

esteem

autonomy

relatedness

Marilou just left her job at Valley Creek Community College. Valley Creek had not honored the wage scale they promised to employees for several years, and many of Marilou's colleagues were let go before they could retire, often with no reason given. Marilou was stressed about her inability to guess what the future would hold for her at Valley Creek. Marilou was stressed because she had a need for

esteem.

control.

relatedness.

self-regard

self-actualization

Examples of physiological needs are

autonomy, control, and responsibility.

lasting interpersonal relationships.

effectiveness and respect.

food, safety, and shelter.

purpose and fulfillment.

________ is the cognitive groupings or clusters of outcomes that are viewed as having critical psychological or physiological consequences.

Instrumentality

Valence

Equity

Expectancy

Needs

________ is the anticipated value of the outcomes associated with performance.

Instrumentality

Valence

Equity

Expectancy

Self-efficacy

________ is a type of self-esteem influenced by past accomplishments, vicarious experiences, verbal persuasion, and emotional cues.

Task complexity

Basic feedback

Compensation

Efficacy

Valence

Jerri and Janelle work at Logistics of Love, a nonprofit designer of homeless shelters. Last month, Janelle, newly hired on a temporary designing assignment, was asked by her supervisor to oversee the company's social media presence. Being new to using social media in a professional context, Janelle is considering her efficacy. She talks to Jerri and other individuals who have been creating professional social media content for several years. Jerri takes pride in her work-related social media posts and always approaches company-based social media with total enthusiasm. Jerri tells Janelle that she believes exerting a high level of effort will result in a successful performance in representing the company on social media. Jerri's self-efficacy source appears to be

past accomplishments.

vicarious experiences.

verbal persuasion.

emotional cues.

instrumentality.

Jerri and Janelle work at Logistics of Love, a nonprofit designer of homeless shelters. Last month, Janelle, newly hired on a temporary designing assignment, was asked by her supervisor to oversee the company's social media presence. Being new to using social media in a professional context, Janelle is considering her efficacy. She talks to Jerri and other individuals who have been creating professional social media content for several years. Jerri takes pride in her work-related social media posts and always approaches company-based social media with total enthusiasm. Jerri tells Janelle that she believes exerting a high level of effort will result in a successful performance in representing the company on social media. Which of the following best describes Jerri's belief about exerting a high level of effort?

equity

valence

expectancy

instrumentality

emotional cues

Kelli is about to deliver an important presentation on her highly innovative efficiency technique at an internationally recognized business conference. Just minutes before she is to go on stage, Kelli gets nervous and cannot remember half of her talking points. Her boss speaks to her, reminding her that she works everyday with the information she plans to communicate, which helps shore up her confidence. Kelli then makes a presentation that earns her a standing ovation. Which of the following considerations dictated Kelli's self-efficacy?

past accomplishments

vicarious experiences

verbal persuasion

equity distress

instrumentality

The Morning Muffin is a family-run baking company. It specializes in custom-made cakes, turnovers, croissants, muffins, and pies. Younger family members have learned the value of attention to detail when creating a new recipe by observing the praise given to bakers who exhibit this level of attention. Those who now exhibit close attention to detail while creating recipes have learned through

past accomplishments.

vicarious experiences.

lecture sessions.

emotional cues.

instrumentality.

Technically, instrumentality is

the value of a work goal or purpose, relative to a person's unique individual ideals and passions.

the belief that a person has the capabilities needed to execute the behaviors required for task success.

a set of subjective probabilities, each ranging from 0 to 1, that successful performance will bring a set of outcomes.

a subjective probability, ranging from 0 to 1, that a specific amount of effort will result in a specific level of performance.

a cognitive grouping or cluster of outcomes that are viewed as having critical psychological or physiological consequences.

Blake is determined to finish a building project for Mr. Hicks before the deadline. Blake is certain that if he successfully performs this building project, Mr. Hicks will hire him as a permanent builder for his expanding condominium business. Blake's belief demonstrates

instrumentality.

self-efficacy.

complexity.

expectancy.

valence.

Evander has been asked to lead a team of educators. He is afraid his employees will not take him seriously because he is a nice guy, and he is nervous that his supervisors will see him as weak and ineffective. He is also excited by some great ideas he has for how to improve educational delivery methods that he knows will work. Evander's efficacy is moderated by his fears and anxieties, as well as his pride and enthusiasm, which are all examples of

emotional cues.

instrumentality.

verbal persuasion.

vicarious experiences.

past accomplishments.

Flint has been assigned the task of reconfiguring all the digital projectors in his office building. He knows Ellie had to do this two years ago, and he remembers that she was crying in frustration and almost resigned because of complications and a lack of cooperation that hindered her ability to do the job properly. This is an example of Flint taking ________ into account.

emotional cues

instrumentality

verbal persuasion

vicarious experiences

past accomplishments

When employees consider efficacy levels for a given task, they first consider their

past accomplishments.

vicarious experiences.

current projects.

extrinsic motivators.

instrumentality.

Linda has been hired by Doctor Patel to oversee a fast-paced, innovative medical office. It is a highly difficult, but well-paid job. Linda believes she has the skills and experiences to easily handle the task and improve the efficiency of the office. Linda's belief in her capabilities is known as

instrumentality.

self-efficacy.

complexity.

valence.

equity.

________ is an important moderator of what individuals consider to be positively or negatively valent.

Culture

Expectancy

Generalizability

Self-efficacy

A S.M.A.R.T. goal

________ is a subjective probability ranging from 0 to 1 that describes how a specific amount of effort will lead to a specific level of performance.

Expectancy

Meaning

Efficacy

Valence

Need

________ is the belief that exerting a high level of effort will result in the successful performance of some task.

Instrumentality

Valence

Equity

Expectancy

Psychological empowerment

________ theory argues that employee behavior is directed toward pleasure and away from pain or, more generally, toward certain outcomes and away from others.

Psychological empowerment

Expectancy

Goal setting

Extrinsic

Equity

Employees at Carpet Lot were given a survey about the workplace. One of the questions asked them about their wages. Which of the following respondents gave a response that shows a belief in a high level of instrumentality at Carpet Lot?

Leah, who said most people get raises because they are related to someone

Irvin, who said wages are determined by employee job performance

LaShawn, who said that the highest wages go to dishonest people

Skylar, who said that most people are paid based on seniority

Marti, who said that wages should be the same for everyone

Which of the following scenarios demonstrates how workers determine efficacy levels through vicarious experiences?

Sal looks at his diploma from a prestigious university and realizes he is very smart.

Reno pats Ed on the back and tells him he is making great progress on his design project.

Butch compares the salary he has just been offered to the salary he made at his previous job.

Bill, just named sales manager, asks Fred what his job was like when he was the sales manager.

Linda, who has a tight deadline to meet, ranks her tasks by urgency in the hopes that this will keep her on track.

Alvin is the leader of a team of counselors at a camp for recovering addicts. He and his team have been asked to implement a new program, which on the surface looks much more difficult than what they have been doing. Before the program begins, Alvin feels he needs to give his team a speech to help motivate them for the upcoming challenge. What is the first thing Alvin should do in his speech?

remind the team of how they worked hard to successfully overcome challenges in the past

admit that he is not completely sure the project can be done with existing staff numbers

tell them that he will be watching them carefully for any failure to follow procedure

express that he has a great deal of anxiety about taking on such a huge endeavor

tell the team they may get a raise if everything goes well for a few weeks

Expectancy theory focuses on describing

How goals are the primary drivers of the intensity and persistence of effort.

the type of rewards people get from outside forces, such as wages and vacations.

a form of intrinsic motivation in which merely performing the work tasks serves as its own reward.

how employees create a mental ledger of the outcomes (or rewards) they get from their job duties.

the cognitive process that employees go through to make choices among different voluntary responses.

Individuals who value money for the achievement, respect, and freedom it confers value the rational meaning of money.

Research suggests that employees underestimate how powerful a motivator pay is to them.

Intrinsic motivation is controlled by some contingency that depends on task performance.

Hannah has been asked to give the opening speech at her global company's annual sales convention. She has successfully given speeches in the past, and her friends have all told her she would be great. These have resulted in a high sense of self-efficacy, and she accepts the assignment.

Valence can be positive, negative, or zero.

The belief that a person has the capabilities needed to execute the behaviors required for task success is known as self-actualization.

Expectancy represents the belief that low performance is the outcome of high efforts.

What two qualities make goals strong predictors of task performance, according to goal setting theory?

When goal commitment is high, assigning specific and difficult goals will have significant benefits for task performance.

Managers in global organizations recognize that some motivators are universal; that is, they work no matter what the culture. Other motivators differ by culture. Which of the following is not a universal motivator?

participation

interesting work

pay

achievement

growth

After his annual performance appraisal, Joe was disappointed with his 5 percent increase in pay, compared to the 10 percent increase his colleagues received. When Joe spoke to his manager, he was told his colleagues were able to perform well over the minimum standard. Joe had not been aware of the minimum he was expected to achieve or the levels generally achieved by his colleagues. What would best help Joe improve his performance?

increasing Joe's goal commitment

increasing Joe's task complexity

increasing Joe's dissonance

decreasing Joe's valence

setting specific goals

Goal commitment is defined as

a series of updates on employee progress toward goal attainment.

the belief that successful performance will result in some outcome.

the degree to which a person accepts a goal and is determined to try to reach it.

the belief that a person has the capabilities needed to execute the behaviors required for task success.

how complicated the information and actions involved in a task are, as well as how much the task changes.

Task complexity can show

a way that successful performance will result in some outcome.

a kind of self-confidence or a task-specific version of self-esteem.

the degree to which a person accepts a goal and is determined to try to reach it.

learning plans and problem-solving approaches used to achieve successful performance.

how complex the information and actions involved in a task are and how much the task changes.

Amber is responsible for creating a master emergency preparedness plan for the chemical facility in which she works. Her supervisor, Whitney, has examined all of her materials and updated Amber on which parts of the plan are satisfactory and which parts need more work. Whitney has provided Amber with

feedback.

self-efficacy.

instrumentality.

task complexity.

goal commitment.

Which of these refers to the learning plans and problem-solving approaches used to achieve successful performance?

expectancies

emotional cues

vicarious experiences

valences

task strategies

Goals are defined as

measurable proof that significant progress is being made toward fulfilling some important purpose by a set deadline.

how complicated the information and actions involved in a task are, as well as how much the task is expected to change over time.

the objective or aim of an action, typically refer to attaining a specific standard of proficiency, often within a specified time limit.

cognitive groupings or clusters of outcomes that are viewed as having critical psychological or physiological consequences.

a set of energetic forces that originates both within and outside an employee, initiates work-related effort, and determines its direction, intensity, and persistence.

Bill lays out a goal for Larry, the head of his printing department. He wants Larry to print exactly 500,000 books, which will be tracked by the counter on the book binding machine. Bill knows Larry can do this because they have printed that many books before. What does Bill need to add to make this a S.M.A.R.T. goal?

a list of suggested ways to improve efficiency

a deadline for when the books should be printed

the promise of a monetary bonus for making the goal

the contact information for the authors whose books will be printed

a sample book so Larry can see what the finished product looks like

Which of the following scenarios demonstrates how feedback can moderate progress toward attaining goals?

Theodore explains to Gilbert that the initial blueprints must be submitted to the client by the end of November.

Joleen tells Adam the original task they started will become considerably more complicated than was initially thought.

Jerry tells Jorge he has done a fantastic job so far, but he needs to bump his production up by ten percent to meet the required rate.

Samir tells Cliff to reach out to him and let him know if he has any questions or needs any supplies or equipment to do his job properly.

Louie tells Elaine she needs to make sure she has enough covers made for the seats Alex is making, but does not tell her how many seats Alex has made.

Rocco has been asked to set some effective goals for the workers in his sales department. Rocco wants to get the best performance out of his team that he can, because he is being evaluated on how well they do. How should Rocco go about determining the goals for his team?

allow the team to have autonomy and ownership by letting them set their own goals

set the goals beyond what people can actually do, so they go above and beyond in trying

keep the goals very broad and general, allowing them to evolve as market conditions fluctuate

make the goals very specific, stating exactly how many sales he wants and when he wants them

show his faith in the team by asking them to do their very best, because that's all he can ask of them

Task strategy reflects how complicated the information and actions involved in a task are, as well as how much the task changes.

As goals move from moderate to difficult, the intensity and persistence of the effort needed are minimized.

The T in the S.M.A.R.T. goals acronym stands for

time-sensitive.

task-driven.

tenacious.

tempered.

team-oriented.

Which of the following is True about goal setting?

Specific, difficult goals are best.

Difficult goals reduce motivation.

Equity is the greatest moderator of goal achievement.

SNARK goals result in the highest levels of goals achievement.

Employees work hardest and are most engaged when the goals are easy.

The R in the S.M.A.R.T. goals acronym stands for

robust.

resolved.

requirements.

results-based.

realist.

The A in the S.M.A.R.T. goals acronym stands for

affordable.

ability.

achievable.

aspire.

assess.

The M in the S.M.A.R.T. goals acronym stands for

measurable.

monetary.

methodical.

model.

major.

The S in the S.M.A.R.T. goals acronym stands for

systematic.

specific.

self-set.

scientific.

serious.

Exam Questions | Chapter 6: Motivation

How does motivation affect job performance and organizational commitment?

Equity has ________ effect on citizenship behavior and ________ effect on counterproductive behavior.

Motivation has a ________ effect on job performance.

Which of the following motivating forces have the strongest performance effect?

Jamie owns a small sporting goods store. He has decided to aggressively pursue a policy to make sure employees feel a sense of equity in his store. What result is Jamie most likely going to see as a result of his push for equity?

Libby is a mid-level supervisor in a university administrative office. Some of the employees feel the office lacks True equity. Libby has to do employee evaluations soon. What action should Libby take to reduce the feelings of inequity associated with her office?

Employees who feel a sense of equity on the job are more likely to engage in citizenship behaviors, particularly when those behaviors aid the organization.

The motivating force with the strongest performance effect is the perception of equity.

What does it mean to be equitably treated according to equity theory, and how do employees respond to inequity?

Noticing her reduced performance at work, Sabrina enrolled herself for training sessions offered by the company and saw her productivity improve. This helped restore her balance of comparison ratios. Prior to enrolling in the training session, Sabrina was most likely experiencing

________ equity is the comparison with others in the same organization doing substantially different jobs.

When someone from another company is referred to as the comparison other, one is involved in a(n)

A(n) ________ involves a comparison other in the same company.

In equity theory, ________ is rethinking your inputs to restore balance mentally without altering your behavior in any way.

In equity theory, ________ is the internal tension that is caused by an imbalance in the ratios.

The ________ is the person who seems to provide an intuitive frame of reference for judging equity.

Which theory suggests that employees create a mental ledger of the outcomes they get from their job duties?

Which of the following is an example of what equity theory refers to as an external comparison?

Which of the following scenarios involving Tisha, a nurse at a major metropolitan hospital, depicts a situation where her ratio of outcomes to inputs is lower than her comparison other?

Extrinsic theory acknowledges that motivation depends not only on a person's beliefs and circumstances, but also on what happens to other people.

What is motivation?

Effective job performance is most often a function of

Bobbi invests a great deal of energy in her job. She focuses closely, finds her tasks so interesting that she loses track of time, and takes a lot of initiative. Bobbi demonstrates a high level of

Kwame designs and delivers public outreach programs for Hydro Sun Electric. He seems to never take a break, he always talks about work, and he often reaches the end of the day wishing he could do more and not realizing how late it has gotten. Kwame's behavior demonstrates the concept of

________ is the set of energetic forces that originates both within and outside an employee; initiates work-related effort; and determines its direction, intensity, and persistence.

Motivation is not one thing but rather a set of distinct forces.

Motivation determines the direction, intensity, and outcome of effort.

What is psychological empowerment, and what four beliefs determine empowerment levels?

Eric is a loan assistant, but wants to become a commercial lender, so he engages in self-directed learning, seeks out feedback from his managers, and manages his own workload. Eric is attempting to build his own

Which of the following reflects the sense that a person's actions make a difference, indicating that progress is being made toward fulfilling some important purpose?

________ captures the value of a work goal or purpose, relative to a person's own ideals and passions.

________ is the energy rooted in the belief that work tasks contribute to some larger purpose.

The dimensions of psychological empowerment include all of these except

Which scenario depicts an employee who experiences a high level of meaningfulness?

A sense of self-determination is a strong driver of extrinsic motivation.

Meaningfulness reflects energy rooted in the belief that work tasks contribute to some larger purpose.

What steps can organizations take to increase employee motivation?

In which of the following scenarios is the compensation plan element of gainsharing used?

Russell works in a canvas factory where workers are paid five dollars for every tent they sew together. Workers who are very fast may make twice as much money as some of the slower workers. Which of the following compensation plan elements is used at Russell's factory?

A lump-sum bonus is a bonus received by members of a unit for meeting unit goals.

Merit pay represents the most common element of organizational compensation plans.

Which of the following is a unit-focused compensation plan element?

What three beliefs help determine work effort, according to expectancy theory?

Leticia has been assigned a task for which she knows that she does not have the necessary skills or knowledge. However, she really wants the bonus she can earn by completing the task. According to expectancy theory, Leticia will be highly motivated to complete the task.

Motivation that is felt when task performance serves as its own reward is ________ motivation.

Motivation that is controlled by some contingency that depends on task performance is ________ motivation.

To hold a high evaluation of oneself and to feel effective and respected by others are ________ needs.

Examples of physiological needs are

________ is the cognitive groupings or clusters of outcomes that are viewed as having critical psychological or physiological consequences.

________ is the anticipated value of the outcomes associated with performance.

________ is a type of self-esteem influenced by past accomplishments, vicarious experiences, verbal persuasion, and emotional cues.

Technically, instrumentality is

Blake is determined to finish a building project for Mr. Hicks before the deadline. Blake is certain that if he successfully performs this building project, Mr. Hicks will hire him as a permanent builder for his expanding condominium business. Blake's belief demonstrates

When employees consider efficacy levels for a given task, they first consider their

Linda has been hired by Doctor Patel to oversee a fast-paced, innovative medical office. It is a highly difficult, but well-paid job. Linda believes she has the skills and experiences to easily handle the task and improve the efficiency of the office. Linda's belief in her capabilities is known as

________ is an important moderator of what individuals consider to be positively or negatively valent.

________ is a subjective probability ranging from 0 to 1 that describes how a specific amount of effort will lead to a specific level of performance.

________ is the belief that exerting a high level of effort will result in the successful performance of some task.

________ theory argues that employee behavior is directed toward pleasure and away from pain or, more generally, toward certain outcomes and away from others.

Employees at Carpet Lot were given a survey about the workplace. One of the questions asked them about their wages. Which of the following respondents gave a response that shows a belief in a high level of instrumentality at Carpet Lot?

Which of the following scenarios demonstrates how workers determine efficacy levels through vicarious experiences?

Expectancy theory focuses on describing

Individuals who value money for the achievement, respect, and freedom it confers value the rational meaning of money.

Research suggests that employees underestimate how powerful a motivator pay is to them.

Intrinsic motivation is controlled by some contingency that depends on task performance.

Hannah has been asked to give the opening speech at her global company's annual sales convention. She has successfully given speeches in the past, and her friends have all told her she would be great. These have resulted in a high sense of self-efficacy, and she accepts the assignment.

Valence can be positive, negative, or zero.

The belief that a person has the capabilities needed to execute the behaviors required for task success is known as self-actualization.

Expectancy represents the belief that low performance is the outcome of high efforts.

What two qualities make goals strong predictors of task performance, according to goal setting theory?

When goal commitment is high, assigning specific and difficult goals will have significant benefits for task performance.

Managers in global organizations recognize that some motivators are universal; that is, they work no matter what the culture. Other motivators differ by culture. Which of the following is not a universal motivator?

Goal commitment is defined as

Task complexity can show

Which of these refers to the learning plans and problem-solving approaches used to achieve successful performance?

Goals are defined as

Which of the following scenarios demonstrates how feedback can moderate progress toward attaining goals?

Rocco has been asked to set some effective goals for the workers in his sales department. Rocco wants to get the best performance out of his team that he can, because he is being evaluated on how well they do. How should Rocco go about determining the goals for his team?

Task strategy reflects how complicated the information and actions involved in a task are, as well as how much the task changes.

Equity has effect on citizenship behavior and effect on counterproductive behavior.